Spis treści: „Visualization for Information Retrieval”

Spis treści publikacji pt. „Visualization for Information Retrieval”.

Tytuł: „Visualization for Information Retrieval”
Autor: Jin Zhang
Wydawca: Springer
Data wydania: 2007-11-24
Język: Angielski
Liczba stron: 312

Spis treści

Spis treści / Table of contents

Chapter 1. Information Retrieval and Visualization / 1

1.1 Visualization / 3

1.1.1 Definition / 3

1.1.2 Scientific visualization and information visualization / 3

1.2 Information retrieval / 4

1.2.1 Browsing vs. query searching / 5

1.2.2 Information at micro-level and macro-level / 7

1.2.3 Spatial characteristics of information space / 8

1.2.4 Spatial characteristics of browsing / 10

1.3 Perceptual and cognitive perspectives of visualization / 11

1.3.1 Perceptual perspective / 11

1.3.2 Cognitive perspective / 12

1.4 Visualization for information retrieval / 13

1.4.1 Rationale / 13

1.4.2 Three information retrieval visualization paradigms / 16

1.4.3 Procedures of establishing an information retrieval

visualization model / 16

1.5 Summary / 20

Chapter 2. Information Retrieval Preliminaries / 21

2.1 Vector space model / 22

2.2 Term weighting methods / 24

2.2.1 Stop words / 25

2.2.2 Inverse document frequency / 25

2.2.3 The Salton term weighting method / 26

2.2.4 Another term weighting method / 26

2.2.5 Probability term weighting method / 26

XIV Contents

4.6 Summary / 104

2.3 Similarity measures / 27

2.3.1 Inner product similarity measure / 28

2.3.2 Dice co-efficient similarity measure / 28

2.3.3 The Jaccard co-efficient similarity measure / .28

2.3.4 Overlap co-efficient similarity measure / .29

2.3.5 Cosine similarity measure / 29

2.3.6 Distance similarity measure / 30

2.3.7 Angle-distance integrated similarity measure / ..32

2.3.8 The Pearson r correlation measure / .33

2.4 Information retrieval (evaluation) models / 34

2.4.1 Direction-based retrieval (evaluation) model / ..34

2.4.2 Distance-based retrieval (evaluation) model / 35

2.4.3 Ellipse retrieval (evaluation) model / .36

2.4.4 Conjunction retrieval (evaluation) model / 36

2.4.5 Disjunction evaluation model / 38

2.4.6 The Cassini oval retrieval (evaluation) model / .39

2.5 Clustering algorithms / 40

2.5.1 Non- hierarchical clustering algorithm / ..42

2.5.2 Hierarchical clustering algorithm / ..43

2.6 Evaluation of retrieval results / 45

2.7 Summary / 46

Chapter 3. Visualization Models for Multiple Reference Points / 47

3.1 Multiple reference points / ..48

3.2 Model for fixed multiple reference points / 49

3.3 Models for movable multiple reference points / .52

3.3.1 Description of the original VIBE algorithm / .52

3.3.2 Discussions about the model / ..59

3.4 Model for automatic reference point rotation / .66

3.4.1 Definition of the visual space / 67

3.4.2 Rotation of a reference point / 69

3.5 Implication of information retrieval / 70

3.6 Summary / 72

Chapter 4. Euclidean Spatial Characteristic Based Visualization Models / 73

4.1 Euclidean space and its characteristics / 73

4.2 Introduction to the information retrieval evaluation models / 75

4.3 The distance-angle-based visualization model / 79

4.3.1 The visual space definition / 79

4.3.2 Visualization for information retrieval evaluation models / 81

4.4 The angle-angle-based visualization model / 88

4.4.1 The visual space definition / 88

4.4.2 Visualization for information retrieval evaluation models / 89

4.5 The distance-distance-based visualization model / 97

4.5.1 The visual space definition / 97

4.5.2 Visualization for information retrieval evaluation models / 99

Contents XV

Chapter 5. Kohonen Self-Organizing Map–An Artificial Neural Network / 107

5.1 Introduction to neural networks / 107

5.1.1 Definition of neural network / 108

5.1.2 Characteristics and structures of neuron network / 109

5.2 Kohonen self-organizing maps / 111

5.2.1 Kohonen self-organizing map structures / 112

5.2.2 Learning processing of the SOM algorithm / 113

5.2.3 Feature map labeling / 119

5.2.4 The SOM algorithm description / 120

5.3 Implication of the SOM in information retrieval / 121

5.4 Summary / 124

Chapter 6. Pathfinder Associative Network / 127

6.1 Pathfinder associative network properties and descriptions / 128

6.1.1 Definitions of concepts and explanations / 128

6.1.2 The algorithm description / 131

6.1.3 Graph layout method / 136

6.2 Implications on information retrieval / 137

6.2.1 Author co-citation analysis / 137

6.2.2 Term associative network / 139

6.2.3 Hyperlink / 140

6.2.4 Search in Pathfinder associative networks / 141

6.3 Summary / 142

Chapter 7. Multidimensional Scaling / 143

7.1 MDS analysis method descriptions / 144

7.1.1 Classical MDS / 144

7.1.2 Non-metric MDS / 151

7.1.3 Metric MDS / 157

7.2 Implications of MDS techniques for information retrieval / 158

7.2.1 Definitions of displayed objects and proximity between objects / 158

7.2.2 Exploration in a MDS display space / 160

7.2.3 Discussion / 161

7.3 Summary / 163

Chapter 8. Internet Information Visualization / 165

8.1 Introduction / 165

8.1.1 Internet characteristics / 165

8.1.2 Internet information organization and presentation methods / 166

8.1.3 Internet information utilization / 168

8.1.4 Challenges of the internet / 170

8.2 Internet information visualization / 171

8.2.1 Visualization of internet information structure / 172

8.2.2 Internet information seeking visualization / 180

XVI Contents

8.2.3 Visualization of web traffic information / 183

8.2.4 Discussion history visualization / 188

8.3 Summary / 189

Chapter 9. Ambiguity in Information Visualization / 191

9.1 Ambiguity and its implication in information visualization / 192

9.1.1 Reason of ambiguity in information visualization / 192

9.1.2 Implication of ambiguity for information visualization / 193

9.2 Ambiguity analysis in information retrieval visualization models / 194

9.2.1 Ambiguity in the Euclidean spatial characteristic based

information models / 194

9.2.2 Ambiguity in the multiple reference point based information

visualization models / 202

9.2.3 Ambiguity in the Pathfinder network / 207

9.2.4 Ambiguity in SOM / 209

9.2.5 Ambiguity in MDS / 210

9.3 Summary / 211

Chapter 10. The Implication of Metaphors in Information Visualization / 215

10.1 Definition, basic elements, and characteristics of a metaphor / 215

10.2 Cognitive foundation of metaphors / 218

10.3 Mental models, metaphors, and human computer interaction / 219

10.3.1 Metaphors in human computer interaction / 219

10.3.2 Mental models / 220

10.3.3 Mental models in HCI / 220

10.4 Metaphors in information visualization retrieval / 223

10.4.1 Rationales for using metaphors / 223

10.4.2 Metaphorical information retrieval visualization

environments / 225

10.5 Procedures and principles for metaphor application / 231

10.5.1 Procedure for metaphor application / 231

10.5.2 Guides for designing a good metaphorical visual information

retrieval environment / 232

10.6 Summary / 236

Chapter 11. Benchmarks and Evaluation Criteria for Information

Retrieval Visualization / 239

11.1 Information retrieval visualization evaluation / 239

11.2 Benchmarks and evaluation standards / 243

11.2.1 Factors affecting evaluation standards / 243

11.2.2 Principles for developing evaluation benchmarks / 244

11.2.3 Four proposed categories for evaluation criteria / 244

11.2.4 Descriptions of proposed benchmarks / 246

11.3 Summary / 253

Contents XVII

Chapter 12. Afterthoughts / 255

12.1 Introduction / 255

12.2 Comparisons of the introduced visualization models / 257

12.3 Issues and challenges / 260

12.4 Summary / 268

Bibliography / 269

Index / 287

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